Palo Alto Networks, a global leader in cybersecurity solutions, has announced a significant strategic shift. The company will transition from its core cybersecurity business to exclusively focus on apparel manufacturing.
Continue reading Palo Alto Networks Announces Strategic Shift to Apparel Manufacturing
We wanted to monitor some of our Palo firewalls from our monitoring system via the API. But: Which enhanced metrics/KPIs shall we monitor? While there are some obvious ones such as interface counters, uptime, software versions, license expiry dates, or HA-states, we dug a little deeper to get more out of it, such as mgmt-/data-plane stats, packet rates, drop counters (all global counters?), and routing entries.
Here are some ideas on which values a monitoring system could observe. I’m listing the required API calls along with some demo values that can be used to develop monitoring tools/scripts.
Continue reading Which KPIs to monitor on a Palo Alto Firewall?
You can use a FortiGate to connect to the Internet (that is: Dual-Stack!) directly in various ways. In my current setup, I’m using a PPPoE residential xDLS connection. It’s not that easy to configure everything correctly since it requires the use of many different protocols such as PPPoE and PPPoEv6 (PPP IPV6CP) along with DHCPv6-PD. But here it is:
I got DHCPv6-PD aka prefix delegation up and running on a FortiGate. Yes! ✅ Configuring it is tricky since it’s not always clear which options to use. You cannot see everything in the GUI (it even changes depending on other options made later on or selects hidden and wrong default values), hence, you must set specific options via the CLI. I navigated around some bugs and finally got it running. Here we go:
Continue reading DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation on a FortiGate Firewall
If you want to establish an Internet connection (that is: IPv6 and IPv4) right away from your firewall through xDSL connections, you need quite some technologies: PPPoE and PPPoEv6 (PPP IPV6CP) along with DHCPv6-PD. Fortunately, with PAN-OS 11.0 and 11.1, those missing IPv6 links were finally added by PANW to their Strata firewalls. (I have been awaiting them since 2015!)
So, here it is: Connecting a Palo through an xDSL modem to a residential ISP:
Wenn man eine Enterprise-Firewall an einem klassischen DSL-Anschluss verwenden möchte, benötigt man ein extra DSL-Modem. Dies unterscheidet sich von Heimkundenroutern wie der Fritzbox, die immer schon ein DSL-Modem mit eingebaut hat. Back to the roots – so wie damals, als man ein Dreiergespann aus Splitter, Modem und Router hatte – kennt ihr es noch? ;)
In meinem Fall wollte ich eine Palo bzw. Forti an einem Telekom VDSL-Anschluss betreiben. Zwei Varianten habe ich getestet: Eine zum Modem degradierte Fritzbox (Bastellösung) und ein reines DSL-Modem aus dem Hause DrayTek. Hier ein paar Notizen und Screenshots:
What happens on the network if you’re joining a Microsoft Active Directory domain? Which protocols are used? As I suspected, it’s a bit more complex than just seeing a single known protocol like HTTPS. ;)
Since a PCAP is worth a thousand words, I captured the process of a Windows PC joining an AD. Let’s have a look at it with Wireshark and NetworkMiner. And, as always, you’re welcome to download the packet capture to analyse it by yourself.
Continue reading Joining an Active Directory: A Packet Capture
You can talk to firewalls and Panorama from Palo Alto Networks in various ways. The well-known GUI (which I really love, by the way) and the CLI are quite common at first glance. Nearly everyone using the Palos is familiar with these configuration options.
When it comes to automation at some point, either to configure those devices or just to read out some KPIs for your monitoring, APIs are in place. Plural because Palo has two APIs: The so-called “XML API” and the “REST API“. Let’s get started with both of them:
Continue reading Getting started with the APIs from Palo Alto Ntwks
Meine Kids spielen derzeit häufig Brawl Stars, ein Echtzeit Onlinespiel. Und sie schauen auch immer mal Videos dazu, bei denen ihnen jetzt der Floh ins Ohr gesetzt wurde, dass man ein iPad ja auch per LAN-Adapter mit einem Netzwerkkabel ausstatten kann, was ja den Ping verbessert.
JAAAA, endlich waren meine Kenntnisse in Sachen Netzwerktechnik mal von meinen Kindern gefragt. “Papa, weißt du, was ein LAN-Kabel ist?” “Ja klar.” “Hast du so eines?” “Ja, circa Hundert.” “Waaas? Echt jetzt? Dann muss ich mir ja gar keins kaufen.” 😂
Neben der Subjektivität, ob das Zocken per LAN-Kabel jetzt merklich besser wird, wollte ich mal objektiv messen, wie sich die Latenz eines per Ethernet-Adapter angeschlossenen iPads denn nun wirklich verhält. Wie viel besser wird der Ping im Idle- bzw. im Volllastfall? Was sagt die Laufzeit zum Default Gateway? Hier ein paar Tests:
How to route traffic between multiple logical routers aka Inter-LR Routing on a Palo Alto Networks Strata firewall? More precisely, inclusive route redistribution rather than a few static routes. –> Via iBGP through loopback interfaces. ✅ Let’s go:
Continue reading PANW: Dynamic Routing between Logical Routers
With PAN-OS 10.2, Palo Alto Networks has introduced the “Advanced Routing Engine” (ARE) with its “Logical Routers” (LR) rather than the legacy “Virtual Routers” (VR).
The neat thing, as always: You can configure everything through the GUI. Here’s a basic example of how I’m using a prefix list to filter incoming BGP routes:
Continue reading BGP Route Filtering with Palo’s Advanced Routing Engine (ARE)
I was faced with an interesting customer requirement: An existing guest Wi-Fi should be prefaced with a welcome page for accepting the terms and conditions. Since there was already a Palo Alto Networks firewall in place, could we perhaps use its captive portal directly for this purpose? It’s not about authenticating the users, but only for a single webpage with a simple check button that should appear once a month per device.
TL;DR: While we were able to redirect every device to a welcome page, we were not able to extend the lifetime of those sessions to longer than 24 hours. This might fit for short-term guest Wi-Fis, but is not appropriate for long-term connections aka BYOD. However, this is how we have done it:
Continue reading Misusing Palo’s Captive Portal as a Guest Wi-Fi Welcome Page
With PAN-OS 9.0 (quite some time ago), Palo Alto Networks has added Dynamic DNS for a firewall’s interfaces. That is: If your Internet-facing WAN interface gets a dynamic IP address via DHCP or PPPoE (rather than statically configured), the firewall updates this IP address to a configured hostname. The well-known DynDNS providers such as Dyn (formerly DynDNS), No-IP, or FreeDNS Afraid are supported. Since the Palo supports DHCP, PPPoE (even on tagged subinterfaces) as well as DHCPv6 respectively PPPoEv6, we can now operate this type of firewall on residential ISP connections AND still access it via DNS hostnames. Great. Let’s have a look at the configuration steps.
Spoiler: The DynDNS feature on a Palo only supports static IPv6 addresses rather than dynamic ones. 🤦🤦🤦 Yes, you haven’t misread. The DYNAMIC DNS feature does not support DYNAMIC IP addresses, but only STATIC ones. D’oh!
Wow, that was unexpected: With PAN-OS 11.1 the out-of-band management interface of Palo Alto Networks firewalls doesn’t accept an IPv6 default route pointing to one of its own data interfaces anymore. That is: In most setups, you can’t use IPv6 for management purposes anymore. “Works as expected.” Wow. Really?
Continue reading Palo’s Mgmt-Intf is not usable with IPv6 anymore
It happens occasionally that a customer has to choose between a Palo and a Forti. While I would always favour the Palo for good reasons, I can understand that the Forti is chosen for cost savings, for example.
Fortunately, there is a hidden way of installing PAN-OS, the operating system from Palo Alto Networks, on FortiGate hardware firewalls. Here’s how you can do it:
Continue reading How to install Palo Alto’s PAN-OS on a FortiGate